{ "title": "Source ledger of observed public evidence on household work, pay and pension protection", "compiled_on": "2026-10-09", "timezone": "Europe/Zurich", "status": "Official observed context, kept separate from Helpore's modeled results.", "facts": [ { "id": "OD1", "metric": "People employed in private-household activities", "value": 78879, "unit": "employed persons", "period": "2024", "population": "Swiss domestic concept, NOGA 97-98: private households with domestic personnel plus own-use household production/services", "source_dataset": "BFS employment statistics (ETS), reproduced and scoped by SECO in its 2025 explanatory report for the federal domestic-work standard employment contract", "source_url": "https://www.seco.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/1Im2A4dzy6Qp/Erl%C3%A4uternder%20Bericht_NAV%20Hauswirtschaft_2025_DE.pdf", "source_location": "section 2.1, pp. 5-6", "supporting_values": { "share_of_total_employment_percent": 1.48, "persons_2011": 53923, "change_2011_to_2024_percent": 46, "change_since_2022_percent": 15, "change_since_2022_persons": 10500 }, "caveats": [ "NOGA 97-98 is slightly broader than the legal scope of the federal domestic-work standard employment contract.", "ETS counts anyone working at least one hour per week and may undercount undeclared household work because it is based on SAKE survey responses.", "This is a sector headcount, not a count of people paid at a legal minimum or lacking occupational-pension coverage." ] }, { "id": "OD2", "metric": "Employment intensity and worker profile in private-household activities", "period": "2024", "population": "Employed persons in NOGA 97-98, SAKE", "source_dataset": "BFS Swiss Labour Force Survey (SAKE), reproduced by SECO", "source_url": "https://www.seco.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/1Im2A4dzy6Qp/Erl%C3%A4uternder%20Bericht_NAV%20Hauswirtschaft_2025_DE.pdf", "source_location": "section 2.1, figure 2, pp. 6-7", "values_percent": { "workload_under_50_percent": 59, "workload_50_to_89_percent": 17, "workload_at_least_90_percent": 24, "women": 74, "foreign_nationality": 45, "education_secondary_I": 44, "age_40_to_54": 37, "age_55_to_65": 26 }, "whole_economy_comparators_percent": { "workload_under_50_percent": 15, "women": 47, "foreign_nationality": 28, "education_secondary_I": 14 }, "caveats": [ "Percentages describe the NOGA 97-98 sector; they do not establish which individuals have multiple employers, what each earns, or whether each is enrolled in a pension plan.", "Do not multiply these marginal percentages together to estimate a population with combined characteristics." ] }, { "id": "OD3", "metric": "Multiple employment and income below the statutory occupational-pension entry threshold", "period": "2024 for SAKE multiple-employment prevalence; 2023 for AHV individual-account income analysis", "population": "Swiss employed population excluding apprentices for SAKE; employees in jobs lasting more than three months and paying at least CHF 2,300 annually for the AHV income analysis", "source_dataset": "BFS SAKE and BSV analysis of AHV individual-account income data", "source_url": "https://www.bsv.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/mhboodn88wVs/20251022_BR-Bericht-Po-Rechsteiner_bf.pdf", "source_location": "section 2.3, p. 13", "values": { "multiple_job_workers_2024": 384000, "multiple_job_share_percent_2024": 8.2, "multiple_job_women_2024": 235000, "multiple_job_men_2024": 149000, "main_job_bvg_covered_share_all_percent": 80, "main_job_bvg_covered_share_women_percent": 73, "main_job_bvg_covered_share_men_percent": 90, "employees_main_job_income_below_entry_threshold_2023": 657000, "of_whom_multiple_job_workers_estimate_2023": 78000, "of_whom_multiple_job_women_estimate_2023": 64000, "of_whom_multiple_job_men_estimate_2023": 14000 }, "caveats": [ "The 78,000 estimate is national across occupations, not specific to household work.", "Below-threshold main-job income is not identical to having no occupational-pension cover: another job or an above-minimum plan can provide cover.", "The report does not publish the intersection of household work, multiple employment, canton, hourly wage and pension coverage." ] }, { "id": "OD4", "metric": "Observed domestic-work minimum-wage violations in cantonal controls", "period": "2023-2024 combined, with 2024 separately", "population": "Swiss household employers and workers controlled by cantonal tripartite commissions, excluding Geneva and excluding controls recorded under staff-leasing firms", "source_dataset": "SECO FlaM enforcement reporting", "source_url": "https://www.seco.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/1Im2A4dzy6Qp/Erl%C3%A4uternder%20Bericht_NAV%20Hauswirtschaft_2025_DE.pdf", "source_location": "section 2.3, pp. 11-12", "values": { "controlled_workers_2023_2024": 1162, "controlled_households_2023_2024": 1034, "worker_violation_rate_percent_2023_2024": 5, "household_violation_rate_percent_2023_2024": 6, "worker_violation_rate_percent_2024": 6, "household_violation_rate_percent_2024": 7 }, "caveats": [ "These are enforcement results from controlled cases, not a random sample and not a prevalence estimate for all household employment.", "Geneva controls and staff-leasing controls are absent from this series, so canton comparisons using these rates would be invalid." ] } ], "rejected_proxies": [ { "proxy": "Swiss Earnings Structure Survey wages for cleaners or domestic activities", "reason": "The LSE coverage used for regional wage comparisons covers NOGA B-S and explicitly excludes personnel employed by private households (NOGA T). Company cleaners cannot be relabelled as household employees.", "source_url": "https://www.swissstats.bfs.admin.ch/data/webviewer/appId/ch.admin.bfs.swissstat/article/issue230322492200-01/package" }, { "proxy": "Multiplying 59% low workloads by 78,879 sector workers and then by national multiple-job or pension shares", "reason": "These are marginal estimates from different datasets and populations. Their joint distribution is not published." }, { "proxy": "Treating minimum-wage control violation rates as population prevalence or ranking cantons", "reason": "Controls are risk-based, exclude Geneva in the reported series and omit controls recorded under staff leasing." }, { "proxy": "Simplified AHV procedure counts as household-worker counts", "reason": "The procedure is often used for domestic work but is not exclusive to it; workers are also counted once per employer, which can duplicate people." } ] }